OSI Reference Model 1

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) developed the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model to describe how information is transferred from one machine to another, from the point when a user enters information using a keyboard and mouse to when that information is converted to electrical or light signals transferred along a piece of wire or radio waves transferred through the air. It is important to understand that the OSI Reference Model describes concepts and terms in a general manner, and that many network protocols, such as IP and IPX, fail to fit nicely into the scheme explained in ISO’s model. Therefore, the OSI Reference Model is most often used as a teaching and troubleshooting tool. By understanding the basics of the OSI Reference Model, you can apply these to real protocols to gain a better understanding of them as well as
to more easily troubleshoot problems.

Advantages

ISO developed the seven-layer model to help vendors and network administrators gain a better understanding of how data is handled and transported between networking devices, as well as to provide a guideline for the implementation of new networking standards and technologies. To assist in this process, the OSI Reference Model breaks the network communication process into seven simple steps. It thus :

■ Defines the process for connecting two layers, promoting interoperability between vendors.

■ Separates a complex function into simpler components.

■ Allows vendors to compartmentalize their design efforts to fit a modular

design, which eases implementations and simplifies troubleshooting.

A PC is a good example of a modular device. For instance, a PC typically contains the following components: case, motherboard with processor, monitor, keyboard, mouse, disk drive, CD-ROM drive, floppy drive, RAM, video card, Ethernet card, etc. If one component breaks, it is very easy to figure out which component failed and replace the single component. This simplifies your troubleshooting process. Likewise, when a new CD-ROM drive becomes available, you don’t have to throw away the current computer to use the new device— you just need to cable it up and add a software driver to your operating system to interface with it. The OSI Reference Model builds upon these premises.